• Understand what Python is and how a program runs; use print() for output.
• Create variables and recognise int, float, str and bool values.
• Take user input and convert it with int(), float() and str().
• Display values inside readable messages using f-strings.
• Make simple decisions using if, elif and else.
• Use while True to repeat actions and combine concepts in interactive programs.

🧮 Interactive Calculator — Build an interactive calculator using input, variables, type conversion and conditional statements.

• Trace a program one step at a time and follow changing variable values.
• Write while loops using a condition and a counter.
• Write for loops and use range() with start, stop and step.
• Print counting sequences and multiplication tables.
• Use totals, break and continue to control repetition.
• Find and fix off-by-one errors and loops that never stop.

✖️ Custom Multiplication Table — Build a multiplication table in class and extend it in the assignment.

• Use arithmetic, remainder and comparison operators in decisions.
• Review if, elif and else and order conditions correctly.
• Combine conditions using and, or and not.
• Use a nested condition when one decision depends on another.
• Validate numeric ranges and menu choices using conditions.
• Combine conditions with loops in a program that can be used repeatedly.

📊 Student Result Calculator — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Break a problem into steps before writing its loop.
• Use counters and totals to solve repeated calculations.
• Understand nested loops as rows and columns.
• Print rectangles and right-angled triangles with nested loops.
• Find factors of a number using a loop and the remainder operator.
• Check whether a number is prime and trace boundary cases.

🔢 Prime Number Explorer — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Explain why a repeated piece of code should become a function.
• Define and call a function using def.
• Pass arguments to parameters to change a function’s behaviour.
• Return a value and distinguish return from print.
• Break an application into small functions and trace their execution.
• Reuse functions with nested loops to create shapes and a menu.

🧩 Pattern Printing Toolkit — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Store several values in a list and access them using indexing and len().
• Add and remove list items and traverse a list using a loop.
• Find totals, averages, maximum and minimum values; search a list.
• Store named values in dictionaries using keys and values.
• Read, add, update and delete dictionary entries; loop through items().
• Combine functions, lists and dictionaries in a small record manager.

📝 Student Marks Record Manager — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Import turtle and create a screen and drawing turtle.
• Move forward and backward and turn left and right.
• Use angles and distances to draw simple shapes.
• Set pen colour, thickness and drawing speed.
• Use penup(), pendown() and goto() to position drawings.
• Combine shapes into a small picture and keep the window open.

🏠 Turtle House Drawing — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Replace repeated drawing commands with for loops.
• Rotate and repeat a shape to build a pattern.
• Write drawing functions with size and position parameters.
• Use screen coordinates to arrange several drawings.
• Choose colours from a list inside a loop.
• Change distance or angle gradually to produce a spiral.

🎨 Colourful Turtle Pattern Generator — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Connect a key press to a function using screen events.
• Control a practice turtle with arrow keys.
• Import random and generate small random movement distances.
• Create racers with a list and place them on separate lanes.
• Animate a race in short steps using an ontimer() callback.
• Detect the finish line, stop the race and announce a winner.

🏁 Turtle Racing Game — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Explain what a graphical user interface is.
• Import tkinter and create a window with a title and size.
• Display text using Label widgets.
• Accept text using Entry widgets.
• Connect a Button to a small function using command.
• Arrange widgets with pack() and keep the app running with mainloop().

👋 Personal Greeting App — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Read Entry text and convert valid values to numbers.
• Use a separate callback function for each operation.
• Update result labels without opening another window.
• Catch invalid numeric input using try and except ValueError.
• Check empty fields with strip() and prevent division by zero.
• Show feedback with message boxes and arrange controls using grid().

🧮 GUI Calculator — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Plan the inputs, outputs and layout of a small application.
• Group related widgets using frames.
• Read several fields and validate the name and marks.
• Reuse functions to calculate total, percentage and grade.
• Show a complete result and reset the form for another student.
• Test normal, boundary and invalid inputs and improve the interface.

📋 Student Result GUI App — Build in class and complete in the assignment.

• Import and initialise Pygame and create a titled game window.
• Understand the event, update and draw stages of a game loop.
• Process the close-window event and exit cleanly.
• Draw a player using Rect and change the background colour.
• Read keyboard input and move the player using coordinates.
• Control the frame rate and keep the player inside the screen.

🎮 Keyboard Controlled Player — Build in class and extend in the assignment.

• Move a falling object downward and respawn it at a random x position.
• Detect a catch using rectangle collision.
• Track and display the score using a font.
• Reduce lives when an object is missed.
• Switch between playing and game-over states.
• Restart the game and test catches, misses and boundaries.

🍎 Catch the Falling Object — Build in class and complete in the assignment.

• Distinguish AI, machine learning and generative AI using familiar examples.
• Compare fixed chatbot rules with a model that learns from examples.
• Identify examples, numerical features and category labels in a dataset.
• Explore the Iris flower dataset using a provided Python notebook.
• Separate training and test examples before fitting a simple classifier.
• Run a guided model example and interpret a predicted flower category.

🌸 First Flower Classifier — Build in class using a guided notebook.

• Review the sequence from data and training to prediction and evaluation.
• Train the classifier using the training split and a fixed random seed.
• Predict labels for held-out test flowers.
• Calculate test accuracy by comparing predictions with known labels.
• Use four measurements in the correct order for a new prediction.
• Explain model limits, responsible use and the project’s results.

🌺 Flower Classification Assistant — Build in class and submit as the final assignment.